Apendicitis aguda en una gestante lúpica / Acute appendicitis in pregnant lupus

El lupus eritematoso sistémico es una enfermedad autoinmune que se caracteriza por un proceso inflamatorio crónico y el aumento de la producción de autoanticuerpos como mecanismos patogénicos. Se presenta con mayor frecuencia en pacientes femeninas y en edad fértil. La gestación en pacientes con esta enfermedad se considera como una condición de extrema precaución, ya que existe influencia de la gestación en la actividad clínica del lupus y del lupus en la evolución de la gestación. Las complicaciones quirúrgicas, como es el caso de una apendicitis aguda, aportan mayor riesgo al binomio madre-feto. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comunicar la experiencia de tratamiento de una paciente de 31 años de edad, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico y a quien a las 35,6 semanas de gestación se le presentó un cuadro de apendicitis aguda que no solo provocó la actividad de la enfermedad, sino que causó la interrupción de la gestación. La paciente y el recién nacido presentaron una evolución favorable sin complicaciones posteriores.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that includes the presence of a chronic inflammatory process and increased production of autoantibodies as etiopathogenic mechanisms. As a disease, it occurs more frequently in female patients and those of childbearing age. Pregnancy in patients with this disease is considered an element of extreme caution since there is an influence of pregnancy on the clinical activity of lupus and lupus on the evolution of pregnancy. The presence of surgical complications, as is the case of acute appendicitis, brings greater risk to the mother-fetus binomial. The objective of this report is to communicate the treatment experience of a 31-year-old patient, diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus and who at 35.6 weeks of gestation presented acute appendicitis that not only causes disease activity, but it generates the need to interrupt the pregnancy. The patient and the newborn had a favorable evolution, with no subsequent complications.

Malrotación intestinal durante el embarazo: Causa de abdomen agudo oclusivo / Intestinal malrotation during pregnancy: Cause of acute occlusive abdomen

RESUMEN Fundamento: La malrotación intestinal en una embarazada es infrecuente. La incidencia de la oclusión es baja y los vólvulos son más frecuentes en el tercer trimestre de la gestación. La poca especificidad de los síntomas hace más complejo el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento oportuno. La asociación de estas enfermedades se considera potencialmente letal para la madre y el niño. Objetivo: Describir el caso de una paciente con oclusión intestinal por vólvulo de intestino delgado y malrotación en el curso del embarazo. Reporte de caso: Paciente de 23 años, primigesta, con 24.4 semanas de gestación, con dolores abdominales previos; se recibió en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos por sospecha de abdomen agudo en el embarazo. Luego de estudios imagenológicos y de laboratorio se decidió su intervención quirúrgica con el diagnóstico de obstrucción intestinal. El diagnóstico intraoperatorio fue vólvulo de intestino delgado y malrotación intestinal tipo I, se le practicó desvolvulación y operación de Ladd. La evolución fue favorable y se conservó la gestación. Conclusiones: La malrotación intestinal complicada con una oclusión en el curso del embarazo es rara y el retraso del diagnóstico puede tener implicaciones desfavorables en la evolución de la madre y su futuro hijo. Las dificultades para el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad es preocupación de la comunidad científica y debe sospecharse en gestantes que presenten síntomas y signos de oclusión intestinal y alteraciones en los estudios imagenológicos.

ABSTRACT Background: Intestinal malrotation in a pregnant woman is uncommon. The incidence of occlusion is low and volvulus are more frequent in the third trimester of pregnancy. The poor symptom specificity makes early diagnosis and treatment more complex prompt. The association of these diseases is considered potentially lethal for mother and child. Objective: To describe the case of a patient with intestinal occlusion due to intestinal volvulus thin and malrotation in the course of pregnancy. Case report: 23-year-old patient, primigravida, with 24.4 weeks of gestation, with previous abdominal pains; She was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit on suspicion of acute abdomen in pregnancy. After imaging and laboratory studies, it was decided her surgical intervention with the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. The diagnosis intraoperative was small intestine volvulus and type I intestinal malrotation, she underwent devolvulation and operation of Ladd. The evolution was favorable and the pregnancy was preserved. Conclusions: Intestinal malrotation complicated by an occlusion in the course of Pregnancy is rare and delayed diagnosis may have unfavorable implications for the evolution of the mother and her future child. Difficulties in diagnosing this disease is a concern of the scientific community and should be suspected in pregnant women who present symptoms and signs of intestinal obstruction and alterations in imaging studies.

Dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária em gestação gemelar no terceiro trimestre: relato de caso / Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a twin pregnancy in the third trimester: a case report

O infarto agudo do miocárdio no período gravídico-puerperal é uma condição rara em que a principal causa é a dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária. É um evento comumente subdiagnosticado, com pouca literatura disponível e elevado índice de morbimortalidade. Esse relato descreve o caso de uma gestante de 36 semanas de gravidez gemelar, monocoriônica-diamniótica, com infarto agudo do miocárdio secundário à dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária. As equipes de cirurgia cardíaca e obstetrícia optaram pela realização de parto cesariano e histerectomia subtotal, seguido da revascularização da artéria mamária descendente anterior. Discutem-se as orientações adotadas na dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária, bem como a abordagem terapêutica e a conduta obstétrica, quando essa condição ocorre durante a gravidez.(AU)

Acute myocardial infarction in the pregnancy-puerperal period is a rare condition the main cause of which is the spontaneous coronary artery dissection. A commonly underdiagnosed event with little available literature and a high rate of morbidity and mortality. This case reports a 36-week pregnant woman of mono-chorionic-diamniotic pregnancy who had a myocardial infarction secondary to a spontaneous coronary artery dissection. In a joint discussion between the team of cardiac surgery and obstetrics, it was decided to perform a cesarean delivery and subtotal hysterectomy followed by revascularization of the mammary anterior descendant. It discusses the conducts to be adopted in a case of spontaneous coronary artery dissection as well as therapeutic approaches and obstetric conducts to be taken in a case of dissection during pregnancy.(AU)

Histerectomia radical após parto cesáreo por adenocarcinoma de colo uterino: relato de caso / Radical hysterectomy after c-section in cervical adenocarcinoma: a case report

Mundialmente, o câncer de colo uterino ocupa o quarto lugar das neoplasias em mulheres, porém, nos países em desenvolvimento, as taxas de incidência superam de forma impactante os casos de países desenvolvidos. Apesar de ser um evento incomum durante a gestação, é cada vez mais observado, o que talvez possa ser atribuído às gestações programadas em idades mais avançadas. O caso descrito refere-se a uma paciente de 32 anos de idade, diagnosticada no terceiro trimestre da gestação com adenocarcinoma de origem endocervical com estadiamento anatomopatológico final (FIGO 2018) 1B2. Ela foi submetida à abordagem cirúrgica como tratamento inicial. Foi adotada como conduta a resolução da gestação, com boa vitalidade fetal, ao final da 34ª semana, após corticoterapia para maturação pulmonar fetal. Foi realizado parto cesariano seguido de histerectomia radical tipo C1 na classificação de Querleu e Morrow associado a linfadenectomia pélvica, no mesmo ato operatório.(AU)

Worldwide, cervical cancer ranks fourth in female cancers, but when assessing data from developing countries, incidence rates are significantly higher than in developed countries. Although it is an uncommon event during pregnancy, it is increasingly observed, which may perhaps be justified due to pregnancies postponed at older ages. The case described relates to a 32-year-old woman diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy with endocervical adenocarcinoma, whose final anatomopathological staging (FIGO 2018) was IB2. The same was submitted to the surgical approach as an initial treatment. It was adopted as a conduct, the resolution of pregnancy, with good fetal viability, at the end of the 34th week, after corticosteroid therapy for fetal lung maturation. The patient underwent cesarean section followed by radical type C1 hysterectomy in the classification of Querleu and Morrow associated with pelvic lymphadenectomy in the same surgery.(AU)

Colecistectomía laparoscópica durante el embarazo, experiencia de un hospital universitario del noreste de México / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy, experience from a University Hospital in northeast Mexico

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad de la colecistectomía laparoscópica durante el embarazo, reportando complicaciones y desenlaces obstétricos y perinatales en nuestra institución. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional. Se incluyeron pacientes embarazadas, con diagnóstico de patología biliar sometidas a colecistectomía laparoscópica. Se describieron variables sociodemográficas, obstétricas, complicaciones o muerte posoperatoria. Resultados: Se realizaron 46 colecistectomías laparoscópicas, edad media de 25 años; 82,6% cursaban el segundo trimestre de embarazo; mostrando tasa de complicaciones de 4,4% directamente relacionadas con el procedimiento sin mortalidad materna. Discusión: Se asocia a la cirugía biliar a una tasa elevada de complicaciones durante el embarazo, sin embargo, existe mayor evidencia que apoya la idea de la intervención temprana en enfermedad biliar sintomática, con un mayor riesgo de muerte fetal bajo manejo conservador que bajo un abordaje quirúrgico, así como mayor tasa de recurrencia. Se ha demostrado que la cirugía no aumenta el riesgo de mortalidad para la madre y el feto y su retraso puede resultar en un incremento de morbilidad a corto y largo plazo. Conclusiones: Observamos una baja tasa de complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento quirúrgico, así como una nula mortalidad materna.

Aim: To evaluate the safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy, reporting complications and obstetric and perinatal outcomes in our institution. Materials and Method: Retrospective, observational study. Pregnant patients with a diagnosis of biliary pathology undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. Sociodemographic, obstetric variables, complications or postoperative death were described. Results: 46 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed, mean age 25 years; 82.6% were in the second trimester of pregnancy; showing a complication rate of 4.4% directly related to the procedure with zero maternal mortality. Discussion: Biliary surgery is associated with a high rate of complications during pregnancy, however, there is more evidence supporting the idea of early intervention in symptomatic biliary disease, with a higher risk of fetal death under conservative management than under a laparoscopic approach, 14 as well as a higher recurrence ratecd. Surgery has been shown not to increase the risk of mortality for the mother and the fetus and its delay may result in an increase in morbidity in the short and long term. Conclusión: We observed a low rate of complications associated with the surgical procedure, as well as no maternal mortality.

Hígado agudo graso del embarazo: reporte de caso / Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: case report

El hígado graso del embarazo es una patología poco frecuente en la especialidad obstétrica, cuyo diagnóstico se realiza basado en los criterios de Swansea, muchas veces es un diagnóstico que se realiza por exclusión; usualmente se presenta entre las semanas 30 y 35 del embarazo, y la cura definitiva se realiza con la interrupción expedita del mismo; con una tasa de recuperación casi del 100% si se realiza la interrupción oportuna y una tasa de mortalidad materno fetal actual del 10%. Es importante estar atentos a la ganancia ponderal de la embarazada durante el control prenatal, la epigastralgia, y los signos clínicos asociados a hipoglicemia(AU)

Fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare pathology in obstetrics, whose diagnosis is made based on the Swansea criteria, many times it is a diagnosis that is made by exclusion; It usually occurs between weeks 30 and 35, and the definitive cure is carried out with the expeditious interruption of pregnancy; with a recovery rate of almost 100% if timely interruption is made and a current maternal-fetal mortality rate of 10%. It is important to be attentive to the weight gain of the pregnant woman during prenatal control, epigastric pain, and clinical signs associated with hypoglycemia

A propósito de un caso: presentación atípica de rotura uterina / A case report: unusual presentation of uterine rupture

RESUMEN La rotura del útero gestante se define como una solución de continuidad patológica de la pared uterina, situada con mayor frecuencia en el segmento inferior. La rotura de un útero intacto es muy rara, su incidencia está estimada entre 1/5700 y 1/20000 embarazos. Su prevalencia ha aumentado dado el incremento de parto vaginal con cesárea anterior. Actualmente oscila entre el 0.3 y el 1 %, siendo mayor en mujeres en las que tiene lugar un intento de parto vaginal tras cesárea (0,78%) que en aquellas en las que se lleva a cabo una cesárea electiva (0,22%). En cuanto a su diagnóstico, suele ser precoz, dada la clínica de gravedad con la que debutan. En este caso se presenta una evolución atípica de rotura uterina, donde la paciente se mantiene asintomática hasta que acude a urgencias cinco días después del parto con fiebre y dolor abdominal; gracias a la ecografía abdominal y trans-vaginal se pudo establecer rápidamente el diagnóstico y así proceder a su inmediata reparación quirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Rupture of the pregnant uterus is defined as a solution of pathological continuity of the uterine wall, most often located in the lower segment. The rupture of an intact uterus is very rare, its incidence is estimated between 1/5700 and 1/20000 pregnancies. Its prevalence has increased given the increase in vaginal delivery with previous caesarean section. Currently, it ranges between 0.3 and 1%, being higher in women with a vaginal delivery after caesarean section (0.78%) than in those who undergo an elective caesarean section (0.22%). Their diagnosis is usually early given by the severity of the debut. In this case, there is an atypical evolution of uterine rupture where the patient remains asymptomatic until she goes to the emergency room five days after delivery with fever and abdominal pain; Because of the abdominal and transvaginal ultrasound, the diagnosis could be quickly established and thus proceed to immediate surgical repair.

Gestação heterotópica espontânea: relato de caso com diagnóstico e manejo oportunos / Spontaneous heterotopic pregnancy: a case report with appropriate diagnosis and management

Introdução: A gravidez heterotópica é um fenômeno obstétrico muito raro em concepções espontâneas no qual gestações tópica e ectópica coexistem. O diagnóstico é difícil, mas, se realizado precocemente, o prognóstico é favorável. Descrição do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, de 35 anos de idade, admitida com quadro de dor abdominal e pequeno sangramento vaginal. Diagnosticada precocemente e tratada cirurgicamente por gravidez heterotópica naturalmente concebida. Como resultado, a gravidez tópica seguiu sem intercorrências. Conclusão: Esse caso enfatiza a necessidade de considerar esse diagnóstico diferencial e analisar clínica e ecograficamente as características globais da pelve, mesmo na ausência de fatores de risco em gestações tópicas.(AU)

Introduction: Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) is a rare obstetric phenomenon in spontaneous conceptions in which intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies coexist. The diagnosis is difficult, but, if performed early, the prognosis is favorable. Case description: A 35-year-old woman was admitted with abdominal pain and light vaginal bleeding. She was early diagnosed and surgically treated for a naturally conceived heterotopic pregnancy. As a result, the intrauterine pregnancy went on healthily. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the need to regard HP as a differential diagnosis and analyze the global pelvis characteristics both clinically and in ultrasound scans, even in the absence of risk factors when dealing with intrauterine pregnancies.(AU)

Miomectomía durante el embarazo / Myomectomy during Pregnancy

Introducción: Los fibromas uterinos, también conocidos como miomas o leiomiomas son los tumores benignos más frecuentes de la porción superior del aparato genital femenino; pueden alcanzar gran tamaño y generalmente no requieren de tratamiento quirúrgico durante el embarazo. La prevalencia del mioma en el embarazo es desconocida. El manejo quirúrgico se reserva solo para los miomas complicados. Objetivo: Mostrar un caso al que se realizó la miomectomía de un gran fibroma suberoso sintomático coexistente con un embarazo de 21 semanas, debido a que no es frecuente su realización en la práctica médica. Presentación de caso: Paciente de 41 años, nulípara, de 21 semanas de gestación, con síntomas compresivos dados por vómitos, molestias digestivas e intolerancia al decúbito supino, afectada por un gran mioma, que fue sometida a miomectomía. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Acudió a consultas prenatales cada 15 días hasta las 39,6 semanas, en que se le realizó la cesárea electiva obteniéndose un recién nacido de buen peso y Apgar. Conclusiones: La miomectomía durante el embarazo es un proceder quirúrgico seguro y eficiente con altas tasas de éxito. La discusión del caso es esencial y debe ser realizada por un equipo multidisciplinario, con experiencia probada en cirugía ginecológica(AU)

Introduction: Uterine fibroids, also known as myomas or leiomyomas are the most frequent benign tumors of the upper portion of the female genital tract. They can reach large size and generally do not require surgical treatment during pregnancy. The prevalence of myoma in pregnancy is unknown. Surgical management is reserved only for complicated myomas. Objective: To report a case in which the myomectomy was performed to a large symptomatic suberose fibroid coexisting with a 21-week pregnancy, which is not frequent in medical practice. Case report: A 41-year-old nulliparous patient, 21 weeks pregnant had compressive symptoms due to vomiting, digestive discomfort and intolerance to the supine position. She underwent myomectomy because she was affected by a large myoma. The patient evolved satisfactorily. She was followed up at prenatal consultations every 15 days until 39.6 weeks, when she had an elective caesarean section, resulting a newborn of good weight and Apgar. Conclusions: Myomectomy during pregnancy is a safe and efficient surgical procedure with high success rates. Case discussion is essential and should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team, with proven experience in gynecological surgery(AU)

Pancreatitis aguda por hipercalcemia en el embarazo: caso clínico / Acute pancreatitis due to hypercalcemia during pregnancy: report of one case

Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy is uncommon and usually associated with gallstones. However other etiologies must be considered. We report a 24 years old woman with a 32 weeks pregnancy consulting for abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. She had elevated lipase and amylase levels, a corrected serum calcium of 13.1 mg/dl and a serum phosphate of 1.6 mg/dl. A magnetic resonance colangiopancreatography showed an enlarged pancreas with inflammatory changes and a normal Wirsung duct. A parathyroid nodule was found on cervical ultrasonography. The patient was treated initially with cinacalcet with partial response. A parathyroidectomy was performed at 39 weeks of pregnancy with a good maternal and fetal evolution.

Reducción embrionaria en embarazo gemelar / Embryo reduction in twin pregnancy

La reducción embrionaria es la interrupción selectiva del desarrollo de uno o varios fetos en el primer trimestre del embarazo. El embarazo gemelar se presenta aproximadamente en uno de cada 100 nacimientos y se considera como una entidad con alto riesgo materno y fetal. Los embarazos múltiples tienen un impacto mayor en los sistemas de salud, debido a la mayor frecuencia de complicaciones. La rotura prematura de membranas causa aproximadamente el 40 por ciento de los partos pretérmino y, como consecuencia, aportan un 10 por ciento de la mortalidad perinatal según la Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia. En este caso clínico se observó que una actitud expectante con los pertinentes controles ecográficos (índice del líquido amniótico), analíticos (recuento leucocitario y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) y clínicos (frecuencia cardiaca y temperatura) pueden llevar a una buena evolución posnatal que justificó al menos en esta ocasión, una actitud conservadora(AU)

Embryonic reduction is the selective interruption of the development of one or several fetuses in the first trimester of pregnancy. Twin pregnancy occurs in approximately one in every 100 births. It is considered an entity with high maternal and fetal risk. Multiple pregnancies have greater impact on health systems due to the higher frequency of complications. Premature rupture of membranes causes approximately 40 percent of preterm births and, consequently, it contributes 10 percent of perinatal mortality according to the Spanish Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics. In this clinical case it was observed that an expectant attitude with the relevant ultrasound (index of amniotic fluid), analytical (leukocyte count and polymerase chain reaction) and clinical (heart rate and temperature) controls can lead to good postnatal evolution, justified at least on this occasion, a conservative attitude(AU)

Live fetus inside the urinary bladder: a case report / Feto vivo dentro da bexiga urinária: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Vesicouterine fistula is a rare condition. Its incidence, however, has been increasing due to the higher incidence of cesarean sections. The presence of a live fetus inside the bladder who passed through a vesicouterine fistula is an extremely rare situation. We report a case of woman who underwent two previous cesarean sections, was referred to a hospital due to mild pelvic pain and genital bleeding. At the moment, physical examination was normal. Ultrasound scan revealed a gestational sac inserted into the anterior wall of the uterus, with a living fetus of approximately 13 weeks, with active body movement and normal heart rate inside it. The fetal abdomen, around the waist, was stuck at the opening of a vesicouterine fistula, so that the fetal head and trunk were entirely into the bladder cavity, while lower limbs remained at the uterine cavity. Laparotomy was performed, the fistulous tract was excised, the fetus (without heart beating) was removed on opening the bladder, and the uterine cavity was emptied. The defects in the bladder and uterus were repaired. The postoperative period was uneventful. A live fetus inside the urinary bladder is a rare condition the continuation of pregnancy is unlikely and the vesicouterine correction can be made by the time of surgical intervention.

RESUMO A fístula vesicouterina é uma condição rara. Sua incidência, no entanto, vem aumentando, devido à maior incidência de cesáreas. A presença de feto vivo dentro da bexiga por meio de uma fístula vesicouterina constutui situação extremamente rara. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher com duas cesarianas anteriores encaminhada para o hospital devido à dor pélvica leve e sangramento genital. Na hospitalização, o exame físico estava normal. A ultrassonografia revelou saco gestacional inserido na parede anterior do útero com feto vivo de aproximadamente 13 semanas, com movimento corporal ativo e frequência cardíaca normal. O abdômen fetal, ao redor da cintura, estava preso na abertura de uma fístula vesicouterina de modo que a cabeça e o tronco fetais estavam totalmente dentro da cavidade da bexiga, enquanto os membros inferiores permaneciam na cavidade uterina. A laparotomia foi realizada, o trajeto fistuloso foi excisado, o feto (que estava sem batimento cardíaco) foi removido ao abrir a bexiga, sendo a cavidade uterina esvaziada. Além disso, foram reparados os defeitos na bexiga e no útero. O pós-operatório transcorreu sem intercorrências. Feto vivo dentro da bexiga é uma condição rara, e a continuidade da gravidez é improvável, sendo que a correção vesicouterina pode ser feita no momento da intervenção cirúrgica.

Gestação e queimadura: experiência de unidade de queimaduras em Hospital Universitário / Pregnancy and burns: experience of a university hospital burn unit

Introdução: A incidência de queimaduras em gestantes não é bem estabelecida na literatura mundial, mas estima-se que varie entre 3% e 7%. Os cuidados da gestante queimada representam um grande desafio com impacto significante nos resultados e prognóstico materno-fetais. Relato de Caso: No presente estudo relatamos dois casos de gestantes vítimas de queimaduras que foram tratadas na unidade de tratamento de queimaduras na Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), uma no primeiro trimestre e a outra no terceiro trimestre. Conclusão: Em ambos os casos, as gestantes receberam tratamento especializado para queimaduras em conjunto com acompanhamento clínico da equipe da obstetrícia, com boa evolução materno-fetal.

Introduction: The incidence of burns involving pregnant women is not well established in the literature, but is estimated to be between 3% and 7%. The management of burns in pregnancy represents a great challenge with significant impact on outcomes and maternal-fetal prognosis. Case Report: In the present study, we report two cases of pregnant burn victims who were treated in the burn unit in the Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP). One patient was treated in the first trimester and the other in the third trimester. Conclusion: In both cases, the pregnant women received specialized treatment for burns in conjunction with clinical follow-up by the obstetrics team, with good maternal-fetal outcomes.

What we know and do not know about women and kidney diseases; Questions unanswered and answers unquestioned: Reflection on World Kidney Day and International Woman's Day

Chronic kidney disease affects approximately 10% of the world's adult population: it is within the top 20 causes of death worldwide, and its impact on patients and their families can be devastating. World Kidney Day and International Women's Day in 2018 coincide, thus offering an opportunity to reflect on the importance of women's health and specifically women's kidney health on the community and the next generations, as well as to strive to be more curious about the unique aspects of kidney disease in women so that we may apply those learnings more broadly. Girls and women, who make up approximately 50% of the world's population, are important contributors to society and their families. Gender differences continue to exist around the world in access to education, medical care, and participation in clinical studies. Pregnancy is a unique state for women, offering an opportunity for diagnosis of kidney disease, but also a state in which acute and chronic kidney diseases may manifest, and which may impact future generations with respect to kidney health. Various autoimmune and other conditions are more likely to impact women, with profound consequences for child bearing and the fetus. Women have different complications on dialysis than men, and are more likely to be donors than recipients of kidney transplants. In this editorial, we focus on what we know and do not know about women, kidney health, and kidney disease, and what we might learn in the future to improve outcomes worldwide.

Frecuencia y factores asociados a la histerectomía obstétrica en un hospital de segundo nivel en México / Frequency and factors associated with obstetric hysterectomy in a second level hospital in México

INTRODUCCION La histerectomía obstétrica es procedimiento de urgencia para resolver una situación grave, su incidencia es de 5 a 15 por cada 1000 eventos obstétricos OBJETIVO GENERAL Determinar la frecuencia y factores asociados a la histerectomía obstétrica en un hospital de segundo nivel en México. METODOLOGIA Estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo en el periodo de Enero de 2014 a Diciembre del 2016, se incluyeron todos los casos de histerectomía posterior a un evento obstétrico, se estudiaron: edad, paridad, vía de interrupción del embarazo, antecedente de cesárea previa, indicaciones y complicaciones de la histerectomía, ingreso al servicio de terapia intensiva y mortalidad, el análisis se realizó con estadística descriptiva. RESULTADOS Durante el periodo de estudio, se atendieron 37 308 eventos obstétricos, efectuándose histerectomía obstétrica a 153 pacientes que representan el 0.57%, es decir, una HO por cada 243 embarazos. La edad promedio de quienes se les efectuó la histerectomía fue de 34 años de edad, siendo más frecuente en el grupo de mayores de 35 años, que habían tenido dos o tres embarazos previos. El antecedente de cesárea previa fue del 69.2%. La vía de interrupción del embarazo actual fue de cesárea en el 72.1%. La principal indicación fue la atonía uterina en 51 casos (33.3%). La complicación más frecuente fue la anemia aguda en el 83%. Hubo 1 muerte materna (0.6%). CONCLUSIONES La Histerectomía obstétrica es una cirugía de urgencia, por lo que se deben de identificar durante el control prenatal los factores asociados a las principales indicaciones de esta complicación.

INTRODUCTION Obstetric Hysterectomy (OH) is an emergency procedure to solve a life threatening condition, and its incidence is 5 to 15 per 1000 obstetric events. GENERAL OBJETIVE To determine the frequency and factors related with obstetric hysterectomy at a secondary hospital in Mexico. METHODOLOGY Descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study from January 2014 to December 2016 including all hysterectomy cases due to an obstetric event. Factors such as Age, number of deliveries, abortions, and previous cesarean sections, admission to the Intensive care unit, surgical indications, complications and mortality because of hysterectomy were analyzed thru descriptive statistics. RESULTS 37 308 obstetric events were registered and 153 were treated with Obstetric Hysterectomy representing 0.57% of the total, meaning one OH per every 243 pregnancies. The average age of those who had a hysterectomy was 28.5 years, and the procedure had its peak at the group of age older than 35 years who had had two or more pregnancies. The history of previous cesarean section was 39.2%. In 72.1% the pregnancy was terminated with a cesarean section. The main indication for hysterectomy was Uterine Atony in 33.3% (51 cases). The most frequent complication was acute anemia in 83%. There was a maternal death (0.6%). CONCLUSIONS Obstetric Hysterectomy is an emergency surgery, there are related factors that must be identified during the prenatal control to avoid this complication.

Morbimortalidad materna asociadas a preeclampsia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del HMIGU / Maternal mortality and morbidity associated with preeclampsia in the Intensive Care Unit HMIGU

OBJETIVO: describir las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad materna por preeclampsia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Maternos (UCIM) del Hospital Materno Infantil Germán Urquidi (HMIGU). MÉTODOS: un total de 47 pacientes con diagnóstico de Preeclampsia que ingresaron a Cuidados Intensivos Maternos del Hospital Materno Infantil German Urquidi fueron registrados de Enero a Diciembre de 2015, a quienes se realizó un estudio observacional y prospectivo. La morbimortalidad es evaluada y descrita. RESULTADOS: la preeclampsia y sus complicaciones constituyen las principales causas de ingreso a Cuidados Intensivos Maternos del Hospital Materno Infantil German Urquidi con un 44%. La distribución diagnóstica de las principales complicaciones fue: HELLP (57%), eclampsia (48%), lesión renal aguda (19%), CID (8,5%), ACV (6,38%) y edema agudo pulmonar (2,1%) (Tabla 2). La mortalidad materna asociada a esta patología fue de 6,38 % (1 paciente con eclampsia, 1 paciente con edema agudo pulmonar y 1 paciente con CID) (Figura 2). La estancia media en la UCIM fue de 3,55 2,17 días (Tabla 3). CONCLUSIONES: la primigestación sigue siendo un factor prevalente (48%), tal y como se ha descrito en otros trabajos. La preeclampsia de inicio precoz (menor a 34 semanas) es predominantemente relevante dentro la historia natural de la enfermedad con un 51,4%. Las principales complicaciones y su prevalencia se aproximan a los descritos por Malvino 2012 y Briones 2013. La vigilancia y monitorización de estas pacientes en Cuidados Intensivos puede detectar de forma precoz la aparición de complicaciones con un beneficio secundario sobre la morbimortalidad. Por el bajo número de pacientes tomadas como muestra, no se pueden extraer conclusiones válidas referentes a la mortalidad.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality due to preeclampsia in the Maternal Intensive Care Unit (UCIM) of the Hospital Materno Infantil Germán Urquidi (HMIGU). METHOD: a total of 47 patients diagnosed with Preeclampsia admitted to the Intensive Care Maternal and Child Hospital German Urquidi Maternal were recorded from January to December of 2 015, to whom a prospective observational study was conducted. Morbidity and mortality is assessed and described. RESULTS: eclampsia and its complications are the leading causes of admission to Intensive Care Maternal and Child Hospital German Urquidi Maternal and 44%. The diagnostic distribution of major complications was: HELLP (57%), eclampsia (48%), acute kidney injury (19%), CID (8, 5 %), stroke (6,38%) and acute pulmonary edema (2,1%) (Table 2). Maternal mortality associated with this disease was 6,38 % (1 patient with eclampsia, 1 patient with acute pulmonary edema and 1 patient with DIC) (Figure 2). The average length of stay in the MICU was 3,55 2,17 days (Table 3). CONCLUSIONS: the primigestación remains a prevalent factor (48%), as described in other works. Early-onset preeclampsia (less than 34 weeks) is predominantly relevant in the natural history of disease with 51,4%. The main complications and its prevalence approach described by Malvino 2012 and 2013 Briones surveillance and monitoring of these patients in intensive care can detect early onset of complications with a secondary benefit on morbidity and mortality. For the low number of patients taken as a sample, no valid conclusions can be drawn concerning mortality.

Síndrome de Hallermann-Streiff y embarazo: manejo de la vía aérea difícil en embarazadas / Hallermann-Streiff syndrome and pregnancy: management of difficult airway in pregnant women

El síndrome de Hallermann-Streiff es una rara entidad asociada a hipoplasia del tercio inferior de la cara, determinando así una vía aérea de difícil manejo. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 21 años con ese síndrome, acondroplasia, escoliosis severa e infección respiratoria los días previos a la interrupción exitosa de su embarazo mediante cesárea. El manejo requirió una cuidadosa evaluación preoperatoria y disponibilidad inmediata de dispositivos alternativos para el manejo de la vía aérea en caso necesario. La gravidez, así como ciertas comorbilidades asociadas, aumentan la posibilidad de una intubación fallida con morbi-mortalidad secundaria importante, dado ello, es necesaria la preparación e implementación de algoritmos atingentes para el manejo de la vía aérea en casos como el presentado.

The Hallermann-Streiff syndrome is a rare entity associated to hypoplasia of the lower third of the face, determining a difficult airway management. We report the case of a 21 years female with this syndrome, achondroplasia, severe scoliosis and respiratory infection at the days prior to the interruption of her preg-nancy by cesarean section. Her management required a carefully preoperative evaluation and availability of alternative devices to secure her airway. Pregnancy and certain comorbidities increase the chance of a failed intubation with severe secondary morbidity and mortality, given this, the correct preparation and implementation of difficult airway algorithms in pregnancy if it’s necessary.

Patologías quirúrgicas en el embarazo / Surgical pathologies in pregnancy

Introducción: una de cada 50 mujeres presentará durante su embarazo dolor abdominal potencialmente quirúrgico y una de cada 600 mujeres embarazadas requerirá de cirugía abdominal no obstétrica durante el embarazo. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia y características demográficas y clínicas de patologías quirúrgicas durante el embarazo en pacientes internadas en el Hospital Nacional del año 2010 al 2014. Metodología: diseñoobservacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte trasversal. Población estudiada: gestantes y/o puérperas atendidas en el Hospital Nacional con diagnóstico de patologías quirúrgicas durante los años 2010-2014. Muestreo no probabilístico según criterio. Resultados: se hallaron 76 mujeres (0,5%) con patologías quirúrgicas, la edad media fue 27 ± 6,2 años. La litiasis vesicular y la apendicitis aguda fueron las más frecuentes. La media de edad gestacional fue 28 ± 9,4 semanas. Las complicaciones fueron abdomen agudo y pancreatitis aguda, requiriendo cirugía 39 (51,3%) pacientes. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de patologías quirúrgicas fue menor al 1%, las patologías biliares y apendiculares fueron las más frecuentes.

Introduction: One in 50 women during pregnancy will potentially present surgical abdominal pain and one of every 600 pregnant women will require nonobstetric abdominal surgery during pregnancy. To determine the frequency and types of surgical pathologies during pregnancy in patients hospitalized in the HNI from 2010 to 2014. Methodology: observational, descriptive, retrospective study population crosscut: population studied pregnant and / or postpartum women treated at the National Hospital with a diagnosis of surgical pathologies during the years 2010-2014, no probabilistic sampling according to criteria. Results: 76 (0.5%) with surgical pathologies, median age were found: 27 ± 6.2 years, Cholelithiasis and acute appendicitis were the most frequent. Median gestational age was 28 ± 9.4 weeks. The complication were acute abdominal patology and acute pancreatitis, requiring surgery 39 (51.3%) patients. Conclusions: The frequency of surgical pathologies were less than 1%, biliary and appendicular pathology were the most frequent.

Acute appendicitis in pregnancy: literature review / Apendicite aguda na gestação: revisão de literatura

Introduction: suspected appendicitis is the most common indication for surgery in non-obstetric conditions during pregnancy and occurs in about one in 500 to one in 635 pregnancies per year. This occurs more often in the second trimester of pregnancy. Acute appendicitis is the most common general surgical problem encountered during pregnancy. Methods: a literature review on research of scientific articles, under the terms “acute appendicitis” and “pregnancy”, in PubMed, Lilacs/SciELO, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Uptodate databases. Results: the clinical manifestations of appendicitis are similar to non-pregnant women, however, without a classic presentation, which often occurs, diagnosis is difficult and must be supported by imaging. Discussion: clinical diagnosis should be strongly suspected in pregnant women with classic findings such as abdominal pain that migrates to the right lower quadrant. The main purpose of imaging is to reduce delays in surgical intervention due to diagnostic uncertainty. A secondary objective is to reduce, but not eliminate, the negative appendectomy rate. Differential diagnosis of suspected acute appendicitis usually includes pathologies considered in non-pregnant people. Conclusion: the imaging study of choice is ultrasound, MRI may be used when the former is not conclusive and, as a last resort, a CT scan can be performed. The treatment remains appendectomy by laparotomy, since the feasibility of video- assisted surgery in these cases remains controversial. .

Introdução: suspeita de apendicite é a indicação mais comum de cirurgia para condições não obstétricas durante a gravidez e ocorre em cerca de 1:500 a 1:635 gestações por ano. Ocorre com mais frequência no segundo trimestre da gestação. A apendicite aguda é o problema cirúrgico geral mais comum encontrado durante a gravidez. Método: revisão de literatura com pesquisa de artigos científicos por meio dos unitermos “apendicite aguda” e “gestação” nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs/SciELO, Scopus, Biblioteca Cochrane e Uptodate. Resultados: as manifestações clínicas da apendicite são semelhantes às de mulheres não grávidas; no entanto, pode ocorrer a apresentação não clássica, o que pode dificultar o diagnóstico, devendo ser subsidiado por exames de imagem. Discussão: o diagnóstico clínico deve ser fortemente suspeitado em mulheres grávidas com achados clássicos, como dor abdominal que migra para o quadrante inferior direito. O principal objetivo da imagem é reduzir atrasos na intervenção cirúrgica decorrentes da incerteza diagnóstica. Um objetivo secundário é o de reduzir, mas não eliminar, a taxa de apendicectomia negativa. O diagnóstico diferencial de suspeita de apendicite aguda inclui patologias geralmente consideradas em pessoas não grávidas. Conclusão: o exame de imagem de primeira escolha é a ultrassonografia, podendo-se utilizar a ressonância nuclear magnética quando aquela não for conclusiva, e, em último caso, a tomografia computadorizada. O tratamento indicado permanece sendo a apendicectomia por laparotomia, uma vez que a viabilidade da cirurgia videoassistida ainda permanece controversa. .